‘The overall impact of the UAE’s influence in the Western Balkans is indeed multifaceted—its advances and economic involvement in the region have also not been without controversy. Most notably high-level infrastructure projects…prompted transparency concerns, while also challenging compliance with EU norms. Nevertheless, despite those issues…the UAE will likely remain active in the region.’

‘It should be kept in mind that Serbia’s close relations to Russia had been forged over centuries—through a shared Slavic heritage, Orthodox traditions, and mutual political support. This bilateral relationship has proven remarkably resilient in view of recent shifting geopolitical realities…Serbia’s close relations with Russia cannot simply be undone through external pressure.’

‘China’s engagement in the Western Balkans is evidently part of a comprehensive global strategy aimed first at expanding its economic presence and second at increasing its geopolitical influence. Its interest in the region offers medium-term economic opportunities for Western Balkan countries, while also posing significant long-term challenges for the EU.’